tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-56433153455413808382023-06-20T21:55:06.897-07:00josel blogjoselhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14721966358772711493noreply@blogger.comBlogger3125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5643315345541380838.post-71146882149822030622010-10-03T19:55:00.000-07:002010-10-03T19:58:19.484-07:00Chapter V Current Trends and Issues in Guidance and Counseling<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; letter-spacing: 0.6pt;">A</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.6pt;">mong the many issues facing the school counseling profession are the </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">following three: what the professional title should be, how counselors should </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.55pt;">be evaluated, and to what extent counselors should work on prevention </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">instead of remediation.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;">Professional Title.</span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> Some professionals in the field prefer to be called guidance </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.3pt;">counselor, </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.3pt;">while an increasing number prefer the term school counselor. The </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.35pt;">growing trend is for counselors to be seen as professionals in a large system, </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.2pt;">working fluidly with all aspects within the system. The expected duties are more </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">extensive than those practiced by vocational guidance counselors of the past, hence </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">the feeling of many school counselors that the name of the profession should reflect its expanded roles.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.3pt;">Evaluation.</span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"> A major trend in education is the demand for accountability and </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">evaluation. School counselors have not been immune to this demand. Since the early </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;">1970s there has been a growing concern with this issue and numerous criteria have </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.2pt;">been developed to help school counselors evaluate their specific intervention </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">techniques.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">The National Standards for Professional School Counselors was adopted by ASCA in </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.2pt;">1997. Similar to the academic standards used nationally by state departments of </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">education, the counseling standards provide a blueprint of the tasks of and goals for </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">school counselors. The standards have not been adopted by every state. The average </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.25pt;">state student-counselor ratio varies from a high of about 1,250 to a low of about </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.3pt;">400, so the evaluation of counselor performance with different workloads is a </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12pt;">difficult undertaking.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;">Prevention versus Remediation.</span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;"> A growing trend in the field of counseling is the </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">focus on prevention instead of remediation. In the past it was not uncommon for </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;">counselors to have interactions with students only after some crisis had occurred. </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">There is now a shift for school counselors to intercede prior to any incidents and to </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;">become more proactive in developing and enacting school-wide prevention plans. </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.3pt;">The schools, community, and families are requesting assistance in preventing </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">students from being involved with many difficulties, such as participating in gangs, dropping out of school, becoming a teenage parent, using drugs, and participating in </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">or becoming victims of acts of violence.</span><span style="font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.3pt;">Gangs.</span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.3pt;"> Students as early as third grade are being taught gang-type activities. </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.35pt;">Students are more likely to end up in a gang if family members and peers are </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12pt;">already involved in gang activity. It is difficult for children to leave a gang once they <span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;">have been actively involved. Anti-gang resources are often focused on fourth and </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">fifth graders-an age before most students join a gang. Counselors are in a position to ascertain whether a child is "at risk" of gang-type activity. The counselor can also be </span>influential in working with the family to help the child avoid gang activity.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.2pt;">Dropouts.</span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"> In many large metropolitan school districts, over 25 percent of students </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.25pt;">do not complete their high school education. Premature school termination is </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">becoming an increasingly more difficult problem as more careers require education </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.2pt;">well beyond the high school level. Counselors are in a unique position to assist </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;">students with career guidance and help them establish meaningful goals including </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12pt;">the completion of a basic education.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">Teen Pregnancy. </span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">Teen pregnancy continues to be a societal concern. Precipitating factors are visible prior to middle school. Counselors are often the liaison with </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.4pt;">community agencies that work to prevent student pregnancy and assist with </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">students who do become pregnant.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">Substance Abuse.</span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.05pt;"> Drugs, including alcohol and tobacco, continue to be a serious </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.25pt;">problem for youth. Despite national efforts to eradicate these problems, many </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">students still find their way to these mind-altering chemicals. Counselors are trained </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.2pt;">to understand the effects of different drugs and can assist with interventions or </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">community referrals. The counselor is also essential in developing substance abuse </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">prevention programs in a school.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">School Violence.</span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"> School violence can range from bullying to gunfire. Counselors have </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">training to assist teachers and students in cases of violence and to establish violence </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.3pt;">prevention programs. Counselor leadership in making teasing and bullying unacceptable school behaviors is a powerful way to provide a safer and more </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">inclusive environment for students.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.2pt;">Diversity.</span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"> Tolerance of diversity is an important goal in a multicultural society. </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">School counselors help all students to be accepting of others regardless of sex, age, </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12pt;">race, sexual orientation, culture, disability, or religious beliefs.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">Child Abuse.</span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> Many states have mandatory reporting laws concerning child abuse. Students in all grades are susceptible to abuse by others, and the counselor is often </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.45pt;">the first person to discover these deplorable acts and then report them to the </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.2pt;">proper authorities.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">Terrorism.</span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> Terrorism is becoming an increasingly difficult problem in the world of the early twenty-first century. Children are affected, directly and indirectly, by both </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.45pt;">massive and small-scale acts of terrorism. Counselors are able to ascertain the </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;">extent to which a student or teacher may be adversely affected by terrorist acts. In </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.55pt;">these cases the counselor can either intervene or direct the person to more </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;">intensive interventions.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">SCHOOL COUNSELING AROUND THE WORLD</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.75pt;">How are other countries providing counseling? It is clear that school </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.4pt;">counseling has made significant progress in the United States. Political, </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;">social, and cultural factors are deeply embedded in the way a given country </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.35pt;">addresses the educational needs of its populace. Following are brief examples of </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">how school counseling is practiced in some other countries.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.3pt;">In Japan, the goal of high school counseling is to "help every student develop </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">abilities of self-understanding, decision-making, life planning, and action-taking to </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.2pt;">be able to adjust in the career options he or she decides to pursue" (Watanabe-</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">Muraoka, Senzaki, and Herr, p. 101). In France, secondary school counseling was </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.2pt;">started in 1922 and by the late 1930s was adopted by the educational system and seen as a necessary part of the institution. School counselors assist students with </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12pt;">vocational guidance.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.25pt;">In Thailand, school counseling often incorporates advice-giving by teachers. In </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">Israel, school counselors devote one-third of their time to classroom instruction and the rest to personal and social counseling. Career counseling is somewhat curtailed </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;">because students are required to enlist with the armed services after high school. In </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">Hong Kong, school counseling and guidance is becoming more of a service that is </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.2pt;">incorporated into the whole school with an emphasis on prevention. Turkey has a </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">fifty-year history of counseling development. There is a professional association that </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.3pt;">publishes a journal and sponsors conferences. Many secondary schools have </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">counseling services and receive support from the Ministry of National Education.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.2pt;">All countries benefit from professional dialogue and a continual exchange of </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">information. In Europe the Transnational Network of National Resource Centers for </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;">Vocational Guidance was established to share information, include businesses and </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.25pt;">social agencies, and improve counseling methods and materials. The Internet is </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">being used widely as a mechanism for disseminating information. Spain, Portugal, Denmark, Belgium, Finland, France, Italy, the Slovak Republic, and Norway are </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;">among many countries using the web to make career and counseling information </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">available to guidance experts. As school counseling continues to define itself as a </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">profession and to show its usefulness empirically, counseling services in schools are likely to expand worldwide in an effort to improve everyone's life satisfaction.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify;"><br />
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</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: center;"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12pt;">MULTICULTURAL COUNSELING. ERIC Digest</span></b><span style="font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.5pt;">Don C. Locke<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="mso-element-anchor-horizontal: column; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-linespan: 3; mso-element-wrap: auto; mso-element: dropcap-dropped; mso-height-rule: exactly;"><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" hspace="0" vspace="0"><tbody>
<tr> <td align="left" style="padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 0in; padding-right: 0in; padding-top: 0in;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: column; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-linespan: 3; mso-element-wrap: auto; mso-element: dropcap-dropped; mso-height-rule: exactly; page-break-after: avoid; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12pt;">M<o:p></o:p></span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.2pt;">ulticulturalism has been defined as the fourth force in psychology, one </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;">which complements the psychodynamic, behavioral and humanistic </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.9pt;">explanations of human behavior. Pedersen (1991) defined </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">multiculturalism as "a wide range of multiple groups without grading, comparing, or </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.25pt;">ranking them as better or worse than one another and without denying the very distinct and complementary or even contradictory perspectives that each group </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.2pt;">brings with it" (p. 4). One of the most important debates within the field has to do </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">with how this definition relates to specific groups within the context of a culture. Pedersen's definition leads to the inclusion of a large number of variables, e.g., age, sex, place of residence, education, socioeconomic factors, affiliations, nationality, ethnicity, language, religion, making multiculturalism generic to all counseling </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;">relationships. Locke (1990), among others, advocates a narrower definition of multiculturalism, particularly as it relates to counseling. The narrower view is one </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.25pt;">where attention is directed toward "the racial/ethnic minority groups within that </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12pt;">culture" (p. 24).<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.25pt;">Regardless of how one defines the term or the degree to which the concept is restricted or broadened in a particular context, multiculturalism encompasses a </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">world of complex detail. Hofstede (1984), identified four dimensions of cultures. </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">These dimensions are:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: 12.95pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -1.2pt;">1.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.25pt;">Power distance</span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.25pt;">--the extent to which a culture accepts that power in institutions </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">and organizations is distributed unequally.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -1.2pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: 12.95pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.95pt;">2.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">Uncertainty avoidance</span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">—the extent to which members of a culture feel threatened by uncertain or ambiguous situations.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.95pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: 12.95pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.85pt;">3.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;">Individualism</span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;">—a social framework in which people are supposed to take care of </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.35pt;">themselves and of their immediate families only. Collectivism refers to a social </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">framework in which people distinguish between in-groups and out-groups, expecting their in-group to look after them, and in exchange for that owe loyalty to </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.5pt;">it.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.85pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: 12.95pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">4.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12pt;">Masculinity/Femininity</span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12pt;">—the extent to which the dominant values within a culture <span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">are assertiveness, money and things, caring for others, quality of life, and people.</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: 12.95pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; tab-stops: 12.95pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">A number of generic counselor characteristics are necessary, but not sufficient, for those who engage in multicultural counseling. To be effective, a counselor must be </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">able to:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: 12.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.95pt;">1.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.2pt;">Express respect for the client in a manner that is felt, understood, accepted, and </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.55pt;">appreciated by the client. Respect may be communicated either verbally or </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">nonverbally with voice quality or eye contact.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.95pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: 12.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.95pt;">2.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">Feel and express empathy for culturally different clients. This involves being able </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.4pt;">to place oneself in the place of the other, to understand the point of view of the </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12pt;">other.<span style="letter-spacing: -0.95pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: 12.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.85pt;">3.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.25pt;">Personalize his/her observations. This means that the counselor recognizes that </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.55pt;">his/her observations, knowledge, or perceptions are "right" or "true" only for </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;">him/herself and that they do not generalize to the client.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.85pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: 12.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.75pt;">4.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">Withhold judgment and remain objective until one has enough information and an </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">understanding of the world of the client.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.75pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: 12.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.95pt;">5.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.35pt;">Tolerate ambiguity. This refers to the ability to react to new, different, and at </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">times, unpredictable situations with little visible discomfort or irritation.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.95pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: 12.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">6.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">Have patience and perseverance when unable to get things done immediately.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; tab-stops: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">Counselors bring with them their own degree of effectiveness with these generic </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;">characteristics. They also bring with them their cultural manifestations as well as </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">their unique personal, social and psychological background. These factors interact with the cultural and personal factors brought by the client. The interaction of these </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.45pt;">two sets of factors must be explored along with other counseling-related </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">considerations for each client who comes for counseling. The effective counselor is </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;">one who can adapt the counseling models, theories, or techniques to the unique </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">individual needs of each client. This skill requires that the counselor be able to see the client as both an individual and as a member of a particular cultural group. </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.35pt;">Multicultural counseling requires the recognition of: (1) the importance of </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.55pt;">racial/ethnic group membership on the socialization of the client; (2) the </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">importance of and the uniqueness of the individual; (3) the presence of and place of </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.4pt;">values in the counseling process; and (4) the uniqueness of learning styles, </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">vocational goals, and life purposes of clients, within the context of principles of </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12pt;">democratic social justice (Locke, 1986).<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;">The Multicultural Awareness Continuum (Locke, 1986) was designed to illustrate </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.35pt;">the areas of awareness through which a counselor must go in the process of </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;">counseling a culturally different client. The continuum is linear and the process is </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">developmental, best understood as a lifelong process.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.5pt;">Self-awareness. The first level through which counselors must pass is self-awareness. Self-understanding is a necessary condition before one begins the process of understanding others. Both intrapersonal and interpersonal dynamics must be considered as important components in the projection of beliefs, attitudes, </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12pt;">opinions, and values. The examination of one's own thoughts and feelings allows the <span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;">counselor a better understanding of the cultural "baggage" he or she brings to the </span>situation.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.35pt;">--Awareness of one's own culture. Counselors bring cultural baggage to the </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;">counseling situation; baggage that may cause certain things to be taken for granted </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.2pt;">or create expectations about behaviors and manners. For example, consider your </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">own name and the meaning associated with it. Ask yourself the cultural significance of your name. Could your name have some historical significance to cultures other than the culture of your origin? There may be some relationship between your name </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.2pt;">and the order of your birth. There may have been a special ceremony conducted </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">when you were named.</span><span style="font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">The naming process of a child is but one of the many examples of how cultural </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.25pt;">influences are evident and varied. Language is specific to one's cultural group </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;">whether formal, informal, verbal, or nonverbal. Language determines the cultural networks in which an individual participates and contributes specific values to the </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">culture.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;">-Awareness of racism, sexism, and poverty. Racism, sexism, and poverty are all </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">aspects of a culture that must be understood from the perspective of how one views their effect both upon oneself and upon others. The words themselves are obviously </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;">powerful terms and frequently evoke some defensiveness. Even when racism and </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">sexism are denied as a part of one's personal belief system, one must recognize that </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">he/she never-the-less exists as a part of the larger culture. Even when the anguish of </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">poverty is not felt personally, the counselor must come to grips with his or her own </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">beliefs regarding financially less fortunate people.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">Exploration of the issues of racism, sexism, and poverty may be facilitated by a </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12pt;">"systems" approach. Such an exploration may lead to examination of the differences <span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">between individual behaviors and organizational behaviors, or what might be called the difference between personal prejudice and institutional prejudice. The influence </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">of organizational prejudice can be seen in the attitudes and beliefs of the system in </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.25pt;">which the counselor works. Similarly, the awareness that frequently church </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">memberships exist along racial lines, or that some social organizations restrict their </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;">membership to one sex, should help counselors come to grips with the </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;">organizational prejudice which they may be supporting solely on the basis of </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">participation in a particular organization.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;">-Awareness of individual differences. One of the greatest pitfalls of the novice counselor is to over generalize things learned about a specific culture as therefore </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">applicable to all members of the culture. A single thread of commonality is often </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">presumed to exist as interwoven among the group simply because it is observed in one or a few member(s) of the culture. On the contrary, cultural group membership </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.3pt;">does not require one to sacrifice individualism or uniqueness. In response to the </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">counselor who feels all clients should be treated as "individuals," I say clients must </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;">be treated as both individuals and members of their particular cultural group.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.2pt;">Total belief in individualism fails to take into account the "collective family-</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">community" relationship which exists in many cultural groups. A real danger lies in </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;">the possibility that counselors may unwittingly discount cultural influences and subconsciously believe they understand the culturally different when, in fact, they </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">view others from their own culture's point of view. In practice, what is put forth as a belief in individualism can become a disregard for any culturally specific behaviors </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;">that influence client behaviors. In sum, counselors must be aware of individual </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">differences and come to believe in the uniqueness of the individual before moving to the level of awareness of other cultures.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.45pt;">--Awareness of other cultures. The four previously discussed levels of the </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.25pt;">continuum provide the background and foundation necessary for counselors to </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;">explore the varied dynamics of other cultural groups. Most cross-cultural emphasis </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12pt;">is currently placed upon African Americans, Native Americans, Mexican Americans <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">or Hispanics, and Asian Americans. Language is of great significance and uniqueness </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.15pt;">to each of these cultural groups, rendering standard English less than complete in </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.3pt;">communication of ideas. It is necessary for counselors to be sensitive to words </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.4pt;">which are unique to a particular culture as well as body language and other </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">nonverbal behaviors to which cultural significance is attached.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">-Awareness of diversity. The culture of the United States has often been referred to </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;">as a "melting pot." This characterization suggests that people came to the United States from many different countries and blended into one new culture. Thus, old </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.3pt;">world practices were altered, discarded, or maintained within the context of the </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">new culture. For the most part, many cultural groups did not fully participate in the </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">melting pot process. Thus, many African American, Native American, Mexican </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">American, and Asian American cultural practices were not welcomed as the new </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">culture formed.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">Of more recent vintage is the term "salad bowl" which implies that the culture of the </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.4pt;">United States is capable of retaining aspects from all cultures (the various </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">ingredients). Viewed in this manner, we are seen as capable of living, working, and </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">growing together while maintaining a unique cultural identity. "Rainbow coalition" is another term used in a recent political campaign to represent the same idea. Such </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;">concepts reflect what many have come to refer to as a multicultural or pluralistic </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.2pt;">society, where certain features of each culture are encouraged and appreciated by </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">other cultural groups.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">-Skills/Techniques. The final level on the continuum is to implement what has been </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;">learned about working with culturally different groups and add specific techniques </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">to the repertoire of counseling skills. Before a counselor can effectively work with </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.7pt;">clients of diverse cultural heritage, he or she must have developed general </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.2pt;">competence as a counselor. Passage through the awareness continuum constitutes </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.25pt;">professional growth and will contribute to an increase in overall counseling </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.45pt;">effectiveness, but goes much further than that. Counselors must be aware of </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">learning theory and how theory relates to the development of psychological-cultural </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.55pt;">factors. Counselors must understand the relationship between theory and </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.4pt;">counselors' strategies or practices. Most importantly, counselors must have </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;">developed a sense of worth in their own cultures before attaining competence in </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">counseling the culturally different.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">REFERENCES</span><span style="font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12pt;">Hofstede, G. (1984) "Cultures consequences: International differences in work-<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;">related values." Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">Locke, D. C. (1986a). Cross-cultural counseling issues. In A. ]. Palmo & W. J. Weikel </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12pt;">(Eds.). Foundations of mental health counseling (pp. 119-137). Springfield, IL: <span style="letter-spacing: -0.25pt;">Charles C. Thomas.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">Locke, D. C. (1990). A not so provincial view of multicultural counseling. "Counselor </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">Education and Supervision," 30,18-25.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">Locke, D. C. (1993). Multicultural counseling. ERIC Clearinghouse on Counseling and </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">Personnel Services Ann Arbor MI. ED357316<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12pt;">Pedersen, P. B. (1991). Introduction to the special issue on multiculturalism as a <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">fourth force in counseling. "Journal of Counseling and Development," 70, 4.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.25pt;">http://education.stateuniversity.com/pages/2023/Guidance-Counseling-</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.35pt;">School.html#ixzzOHzk8GeWI&D<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.3pt;">http://www.answers.com/topic/guidance-and-counseling</span><span style="font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.3pt;">http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/140167/guidance-counseling</span><span style="font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.35pt;">http://www.ericdigests.org/1996-3/school.htm</span><span style="font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.25pt;">http://www.gerardkeegan.co.uk/index.htm</span><span style="font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12pt;">http://www.ops.gov.ph/records/ra_no9258.htm<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">http://www.rapidnet.com/~jbeard/bdm/Psychology/methods.htm</span><span style="font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
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</div>joselhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14721966358772711493noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5643315345541380838.post-52218888817969576722010-10-03T19:54:00.000-07:002010-10-03T19:54:12.538-07:00Chapter IV Guidance Services<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Objectives<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: 35.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.3pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .15pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">To organize a fully functional counseling and testing center that would cater<br />
to the students and other members of the institution.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: 35.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.3pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">To promote the services of the <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:placename w:st="on">Guidance</st1:placename> <st1:placetype w:st="on">Center</st1:placetype></st1:place> to the students, faculty<br />
</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .1pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">members and employees of the institution.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: 35.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.3pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .4pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">To establish a "catharsis center" where students, parents and faculty can<br />
</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">pour their feelings in full confidentiality.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: 35.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.3pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .15pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">To provide opportunities for the students to enrich their social lives through<br />
the development of skills in interpersonal relationship, with the end in view<br />
</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .05pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">of helping facilitates the maximum utilization of their academic potentials.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; tab-stops: 35.3pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.2pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">a. Counseling Services<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .25pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">This is considered as the "heart and soul" of the guidance program. This service </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .15pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">aims to assist students in gaining deeper self-understanding and awareness of one's problems and the effective use of the decision process by formulating alternatives </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .2pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">and projecting consequences of each that allow students to review critically what </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .1pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">has taken place and makes provision for future meetings if they are needed.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .15pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Different approaches, skills and theories are implemented by counselors because </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .4pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">people and situations are different. Sometimes one or the other is best, and sometimes the combination of techniques produces the most benefit. These </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">counseling services are the following:</span><span style="font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-align: justify; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric ideograph-other;"><br />
</div><div class="ListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="background: white; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Individual Counseling <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Group Counseling <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Family Counseling <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="ListParagraphCxSpLast" style="background: white; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.3pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Counseling Special Cases</span><span style="font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-align: justify; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric ideograph-other;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">b. Testing Services<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .15pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">In many educational institutions as well as employment offices, tests are probably </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .05pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">the most widely used specialized techniques in guidance. Tests will be useful as a </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .15pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">guidance tool if combined with appropriate planning for individual development. </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .1pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Tests provide "information in meaningful terms through quantitative description."</span><span style="font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .1pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">These services cover the administration, scoring, interpreting and evaluating results </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">of selected tests such as:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: 36.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Admission Tests</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: 36.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Intelligence Tests</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: 36.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Individual Intelligence Tests<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: 36.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Group Intelligence Tests</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: 36.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Aptitude Tests<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: 41.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .15pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Interest Tests</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: 41.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .05pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Personality Tests</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: 41.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Projective Tests<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: 41.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Special Tests</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; tab-stops: 41.3pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; tab-stops: 15.35pt; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -1.05pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">c.</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Student Inventory Record<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; tab-stops: 15.35pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .05pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">This is a continuous process of accumulating, recording and utilizing information on </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .15pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">each student for guidance and counseling purposes and for obtaining a complete </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">picture of the individual.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; tab-stops: 15.35pt; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.55pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">d.</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">Training/ Seminar/ Forum<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; tab-stops: 15.35pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .3pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">These are programs designed to help students discover their innate ability and </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .1pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">talents as well as develop their emotional intelligence. Symposium and Forum are organized as information program to tackle important life issues like Love, Dating </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .25pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">and Marriage; Natural Family Planning; Abortion and Contraceptive Methods; </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .05pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Gender Issues and other relevant topics affecting the life of a person.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; tab-stops: 15.35pt; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.75pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">e.</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">Placement and Career Services<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; tab-stops: 15.35pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .15pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Graduating students are being prepared by the series </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .15pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">of career talks by experts in the different field of occupational endeavors. They are coached on how to write an </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .4pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">application letter, resume and the development of self-confidence in facing </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .1pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">interview by the prospective employer. Afterwards, an annual "Jobs Fair" and In-</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .2pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Campus Recruitment is organized where educational and medical institutions, </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .1pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">industrial, commercial, and technical companies are invited to screen, evaluate, and accept the graduating students as job applicants.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; tab-stops: 9.35pt; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -1.1pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">f.</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.1pt;">Research Services<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; tab-stops: 9.35pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .7pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Research capabilities of the guidance center are conducted in conjunction </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .2pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">with relevant educational studies like students' delinquency problems, teenage </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .15pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">pregnancy, faculty-student relationship and others. Researches help bridge the gap </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .25pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">that currently exists between theories and practice in counseling. Result of the </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .05pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">findings in research will serve as guideposts for guidance and educational planning.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; tab-stops: 9.35pt; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -1.15pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">g.</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.15pt;">Career and Life Planning<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; tab-stops: 9.35pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Career Development Program is a package of activities designed to develop skills in <span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">self-exploration, values clarification, career planning and decision-making, and life-</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;">goal setting.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">h. Freshmen Enhancement Program</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .15pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Freshmen Enhancement Program is package of activities for freshmen designed to </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .2pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">facilitate adjustment into college life, enhance self-awareness and understanding, </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .1pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">and develop the basic skills in coping effectively with rigors of academic life. The </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .2pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">components of this program include psychological testing and evaluation; study-</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .3pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">skills development; time management; stress management; and group growth </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">sessions.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">i. Orientation and Information<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .1pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Orientation and Information service consists of accumulation and dissemination of </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .15pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">information about the different guidance activities, vocational opportunities, and educational information for better adjustment and personal growth.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">j. Referral<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .1pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Special cases, which require service beyond the scope of guidance and counseling program, are referred to other agencies.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">k Linkages<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .15pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">The Guidance and Counseling Program also carry out collaborative activities with </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .05pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">school and community-based organizations.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.35pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">1. Extension Services<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .15pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Guidance staff functions and responsibilities go beyond the students. They extend </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .25pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">themselves by helping others through training, seminars/workshops, or conduct </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .2pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">research as they are often invited in occasions needing their skills and knowledge. </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .05pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">In most instances, they render the services for free.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">m. Peer Facilitation<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .05pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Peer Facilitators are trained to help the staff in the delivery of the guidance services, </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .25pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">as well as extension services. On the other hand practicum students are provided </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .05pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">the opportunity for on-the-job experience in the guidance field.</span><span style="font-family: Andalus; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>joselhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14721966358772711493noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5643315345541380838.post-73624907241100018262010-10-01T21:48:00.001-07:002010-10-01T21:48:19.511-07:00creation of my blog..Sa wakas nakagawa nah din aha..joselhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14721966358772711493noreply@blogger.com0